What are the most important eLearning design principles?
The most important eLearning design principles are rooted in cognitive psychology and user experience, aiming to reduce cognitive load and increase engagement. Key principles include the Multimedia Principle (using graphics to explain, not decorate), the Coherence Principle (removing extraneous “nice-to-know” material), the Personalization Principle (writing conversationally), and Segmenting (breaking complex topics into micro-lessons). By applying these rules, instructional designers can move past “click-next” fatigue to build scenario-based, interactive courses that genuinely change learner behavior.
We have all endured it. The “Click Next” fatigue. The wall of text is narrated by a robotic voice. The quiz that insults your intelligence. Bad eLearning isn’t just annoying; it is expensive. It wastes employee time, fails to change behavior, and ultimately gives the L&D department a bad reputation.
Great eLearning doesn’t happen by accident. It happens by following specific eLearning design principles grounded in cognitive psychology and user experience (UX) design. You don’t need to be a graphic artist to build effective training, but you do need to follow the rules of how the human brain processes information. Here are the 8 essential rules for designing courses that respect your learners and drive actual results. To see these principles in action, review our custom eLearning services.
1. The Multimedia Principle: Graphics + Text > Text Alone
This is the golden rule of instructional design. People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone. However, this does not mean you should add decorative clip art just to fill space.
- The Rule: Use visuals to explain, not just decorate.
- Do: Use diagrams to show relationships, charts to show data, or screenshots to show software steps.
- Don’t: Add a stock photo of “people shaking hands” just because the slide looks empty. If the visual doesn’t add instructional value, remove it.
2. The Contiguity Principle: Keep Related Items Together
Cognitive load increases when a learner has to scan back and forth to connect information. If you have a diagram on the left and the labels for that diagram in a paragraph on the right, you are forcing the brain to work too hard.
- The Rule: Place text labels physically close to the graphics they describe.
- Do: Place the definition of a button right next to the button in the screenshot.
- Don’t: Put a legend at the bottom of the screen (A, B, C) that forces the user to look up and down repeatedly to understand the image.
3. The Coherence Principle: Less Is More
Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) often want to include everything. They will ask you to add “just one more slide” on the history of the department or a “nice-to-know” fact about the software code.
- The Rule: Remove all extraneous material.
- Do: Be ruthless with your editing. If a piece of audio, video, or text does not directly support the learning objective, delete it.
- Don’t: Add background music. It might seem “cinematic,” but for learning, it competes with the narration for the learner’s attention span. We know how to distill complex topics effectively; see our video production portfolio.
4. The Personalization Principle: Be Human
Corporate training often falls into the trap of using overly formal, bureaucratic language. Phrases like “The user should utilize the interface to facilitate transactions” are dry and distancing.
- The Rule: Write like you speak.
- Do: Use “you” and “we.” Use conversational language. It signals to the learner’s brain that this is a social exchange, which increases engagement.
- Don’t: Use passive voice or complex jargon. Instead of “Compliance must be adhered to,” say “You need to follow these rules to stay safe.”
5. Segmenting: Break It Down
This aligns closely with the shift toward microlearning. The human brain is not a sponge; it is a sieve. If you pour too much information in at once, most of it spills over.
- The Rule: Break complex lessons into user-paced segments.
- Do: Allow the learner to control the navigation. Let them click “Next” when they are ready, rather than auto-advancing the slides.
- Don’t: Lock the navigation on a 10-minute video without chapter markers. Learners need the ability to pause, digest, and revisit concepts.
6. Visual Hierarchy: Guide the Eye
When a learner opens a slide, their eye instantly searches for where to look first. If everything is bold, nothing is bold. If every color is bright, nothing stands out.
- The Rule: Design a clear path for the eye to follow.
- Do: Use size and position to indicate importance. The headline should be the largest text. The key takeaway should be highlighted or in a distinct color box.
- Don’t: Clutter the screen with 15 competing elements. Use whitespace liberally to separate different ideas.
7. Meaningful Interactions: No “Clicky-Clicky” Bling
Interactivity is vital, but clicking for the sake of clicking is not learning. Drag-and-drop interactions or “reveal” cards are only useful if they challenge the learner to think.
- The Rule: Interactions must mirror real-world decisions.
- Do: Build scenario-based questions. Instead of asking “What does the policy say?”, ask “John is facing this situation; what should he do?”
- Don’t: Force the learner to click 5 tabs just to read 5 paragraphs of text. That is just reading with extra steps.
8. Feedback Loops: Explain the “Why”
In many courses, getting a question wrong results in a “Incorrect, try again” popup. This is a missed learning opportunity.
- The Rule: Treat the feedback screen as a teaching moment.
- Do: Explain why the answer was wrong. “That is incorrect because option B would violate safety protocol X. The correct action is C because…”
- Don’t: Just show a score. If a learner guesses correctly but doesn’t know why, they haven’t learned anything. Need proof that our strategies work? Check out our association case studies.
Next Steps: Audit Your Current Courses
You don’t need to rebuild your entire LMS overnight. Start by applying these eLearning design principles to your next project. Try this simple audit:
- Open your most recent course.
- Mute the audio. Can you still understand the key message just from the visuals? (Multimedia Principle)
- Look at the text. Are you using “you” and “we”? (Personalization Principle)
- Check the quizzes. Do the wrong answers explain why they are wrong? (Feedback Loops)
By strictly adhering to these rules, you will move from creating “required training” to creating learning experiences that actually work. Need help applying these principles to your content? We specialize in instructional design that respects the learner. Contact us today via our Contact Page for a design audit.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Why should I avoid auto-advancing slides in eLearning?
Auto-advancing slides violate the Segmenting Principle, which dictates that learning should be user-paced. Because the human brain can only process a limited amount of information at once, learners need the ability to control navigation so they can pause, digest, and revisit concepts at their own speed.
What is the Coherence Principle in eLearning design?
The Coherence Principle is the rule of “less is more.” It requires instructional designers to ruthlessly edit out all extraneous, “nice-to-know” material—such as background music, decorative graphics, or tangent facts—that do not directly support the primary learning objective.
How do I create meaningful interactions instead of just “clicking”?
To create meaningful interactions, avoid forcing learners to click tabs simply to reveal text. Instead, build scenario-based questions that mirror real-world decisions. For example, instead of asking “What is the policy limit?”, ask “A client requests a refund over the limit. What should you do next?”.